List-I (Microkernel Interaction) A. Message Passing B. Context Switching Overhead C. Modularity Level D. Subsystem Failure List-II (Architectural Reality) Primary mechanism for IPC between decoupled user modules Higher frequency due to switching between user and kernel spaces Extremely high; components can be modified without rebuilding Isolated; a file system crash does not halt the entire kernel

A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 Explanation: A. Message Passing -> 1: Microkernels minimize kernel space by running OS services in user space. Inter-Process Communication (IPC) via message passing is the primary mechanism to communicate between these decoupled modules. B. Context Switching Overhead -> 2: Because services run in decoupled user spaces, requesting a service requires switching context between user space and kernel space frequently, increasing overhead. C. Modularity Level -> 3: Microkernels have an extremely high level of modularity. User-level components can be dynamically added, updated, or modified without re-compiling or rebuilding the whole kernel. D. Subsystem Failure -> 4: Failures are isolated. Since components like file systems or device drivers run as separate user processes, a crash in one does not bring down

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CUET PG 2026 — operating system os PYQ

CUET PG | operating system os | 2026

List-I (Microkernel Interaction)

A. Message Passing
B. Context Switching Overhead
C. Modularity Level
D. Subsystem Failure

List-II (Architectural Reality)

Primary mechanism for IPC between decoupled user modules

Higher frequency due to switching between user and kernel spaces

Extremely high; components can be modified without rebuilding

Isolated; a file system crash does not halt the entire kernel

Choose the correct answer: