WBJECA 2025 — Computer PYQ

In computer networking, protocols are classified based on whether they establish a formal connection before transmitting data and whether they guarantee the delivery of that data.

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): TCP is a connection-oriented, reliable protocol. It establishes a connection via a "three-way handshake" and ensures that all data packets are received in the correct order without errors.

• IP (Internet Protocol): IP is a connectionless protocol responsible for routing packets across networks. It is considered "best-effort" or unreliable because it does not guarantee that packets will reach their destination, nor does it guarantee order.

• UDP (User Datagram Protocol): UDP is a connectionless, unreliable protocol. It does not establish a connection, provides no flow control, and offers no guarantee that the data will be delivered.

To represent this relationship mathematically, we can define the characteristics of a protocol $P$ as:

$$\text{Protocol Attributes}=\{\text{Connectionless},\text{Unreliable}\}$$

Therefore, the set of protocols meeting the criteria in the question is:

$$\text{Target Set}=\{\text{IP},\text{UDP}\}$$

Because both IP and UDP possess these characteristics, (D) is the correct choice.